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I was doing a backup from my MacBook Air to a ExFAT 500GB external HDD but just when was done, accidentally I chose the external drive to be formatted to Mac OS Extended. After same seconds, when I realized what I did, I unpluged the drive from the Macbook before the process was over.

Now when I plug the disk it doesn't show on the desktop, but I can see it on Disk Utility. And I was able to recover some files using PhotoRec. But I want the folder structures and the filenames.

How can I recover the original ExFAT partition?

Run TestDisk, Advanced, select this partition, use Type to force the type to exFAT if necessary, Boot.
If available, choose BackupBS and confirm.

But just the HFS+ partition is available.

It's why you have to force the type to exFAT