Sorry for the curious thread title. I think I'm not the first with my kind of problem, but the threads I've found so far only give instructions. I'd rather like to understand what has gone wrong with my filesystem.
I've got an Acer Switch 10 transformer tablet with an eMMC 32 GB drive. I upgraded the pre-installed Windows 8.1 to Windows 10, but changed nothing otherwise about the disk configuration. Recently, the tablet began to sporadically refuse to boot which evolved into a permanent problem (see photo of my boot screen).

I managed to boot Ubuntu from a USB flash drive* and ran TestDisk. The current partition structure looks like in the screenshot. It appears suspicious to me that the "MS Reserved" partition (no. 2) appears twice. Is this already faulty? Besides from that, are the messages "No FAT, ... marker" and "number of heads/cylinder mismatches" significant?

*For people also having problems with the Acer Switch 10 - probably coming here from a Google search - I would like to refer to the solution I found to get Ubuntu running from USB on the tablet: https://gist.github.com/franga2000/2154d09f864894b8fe84
I then did a quick search. TestDisk showed a non-recoverable partition and the message "The harddisk seems too small", see screenshot. What do both messages exactly mean? From my read through several threads, I guess they don't necessarily mean that there's something wrong.

After continuing, I was shown four partitions, see screenshot. Again, two partitions seem to show up twice each (with slightly different Start and End; I guess those are the "MS Data" and "Windows Recovery Env" from the last screenshot) while the "MS Reserved" partition does not show up anymore - which I can't really interpret.

I'm able to access the EFI System Partition and the last MS Data partition via pressing "p" (see screenshot), but the other three just give me the error message "Can't open filesystem. Filesystem seems damaged", see screenshots.





I had a look at the boot sectors via the "Avanced" menu and could see the "Boot" option only for the MS Data partition (no. 3). TestDisk says both boot sectors are OK, see screenshot.

What exact problem could I be faced with? What does it mean that the boot sector of the MS Data partition (is it a volume boot record?) be OK while the filesystem is damaged? Should I proceed with PhotoRec? I'm also curious about what could have happened to my device rendering it corrupted.
Thanks in advance!